前言
XAMPP被稱為是Apache好朋友，幫你把所有可能需要的環境都集中在一起，使用者只須要依照需求啟動相對應的服務即可使用，對於設定檔及Log檔案等，也是一鍵讓你馬上開啟，不用開資料夾找到天荒地老，但缺點就是你對這些服務的認識，只在於知道怎麼使用，至於如何從最基礎開始建立環境會很陌生，優點就是對開發者來說很善良，不用讓他們弄個環境弄到天荒地老。
Continue reading “建立開發PHP開發環境的好工具: XAMPP”[Command] iptables
[Clear all limits]
iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT
iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
iptables -t nat -F
iptables -t mangle -F
iptables -F
iptables -X
…and that should do it. iptables -nvL should produce this (or very similar) output:
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
Block Incoming Request From IP 1.2.3.4
The following command will drop any packet coming from the IP address 1.2.3.4:
You can also specify an interface such as eth1 via which a packet was received:
Please note that when the “!” argument is used before the interface name, the sense is inverted:
If the interface name ends in a “+”, then any interface which begins with this name will match. If this option is omitted, any interface name will match:
You can replace -I INPUT (insert) with -A INPUT (append) rule as follows:
How Do I Block Subnet (xx.yy.zz.ww/ss)?
Use the following syntax to block 10.0.0.0/8 on eth1 public interface:
# /sbin/iptables -i eth1 -A INPUT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROPHow Do I Block and Log Dropped IP Address Information?
You can turn on kernel logging of matching packets with LOG target as follows:
# /sbin/iptables -i eth1 -A INPUT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j LOG --log-prefix "IP DROP SPOOF A:"
The next rule will actually drop the ip / subnet:# /sbin/iptables -i eth1 -A INPUT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROPHow Do I View Blocked IP Address?
Simply use the following command:
# /sbin/iptables -L -v
OR# /sbin/iptables -L INPUT -v
OR# /sbin/iptables -L INPUT -v -n
Sample outputs:How Do I Search For Blocked IP Address?
Use the grep command as follows:
# /sbin/iptables -L INPUT -v -n | grep 1.2.3.4How Do I Delete Blocked IP Address?
First, you need to display blocked IP address along with line number and other information, enter:
# iptables -L INPUT -n --line-numbers
# iptables -L INPUT -n --line-numbers | grep 1.2.3.4
Sample outputs:To delete line number 3 (123.199.2.255), enter:
# iptables -D INPUT 3
Verify the same, enter:# iptables -L INPUT -v -n
You can also use the following syntax:# iptables -D INPUT -s 1.2.3.4 -j DROPHow Do I Save Blocked IP Address?
If you are using Redhat / RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux, type the following command:
# iptables -D INPUT -s 1.2.3.4 -j DROP
##########################
#////// command to save iptables ///////#
##########################
# /sbin/service iptables save
# less /etc/sysconfig/iptables
# grep '1.2.3.4' /etc/sysconfig/iptables
For all other Linux distributions use the iptables-save command to dump the contents of an IP Table to a file:# iptables-save > /root/myfirewall.conf
Please not that you need to run the ‘iptables-save’ or ‘service iptables save’ as soon as you add or delete the ip address.A Note About Restoring Firewall
To restore your firewall use the iptables-restore command to restore IP Tables from a file called /root/myfirewall.conf, enter:
# iptables-restore < /root/myfirewall.confHow Do I Block Large Number Of IP Address or Subnets?
You need to write a shell script as follows:
#!/bin/bash _input="/root/blocked.ip.db" IPT=/sbin/iptables $IPT -N droplist egrep -v "^#|^$" x | while IFS= read -r ip do $IPT -A droplist -i eth1 -s $ip -j LOG --log-prefix "IP BlockList " $IPT -A droplist -i eth1 -s $ip -j DROP done < "$_input" # Drop it $IPT -I INPUT -j droplist $IPT -I OUTPUT -j droplist $IPT -I FORWARD -j droplist
成績組距計算 in Excel
為了方便自己下回複製公式～只好給它寫下來～
題目：共有15個學生, 成績如下, 請以公式算出60分以下、61~70分、71~80分、81~90分以及91~100分各有幾人?
解答：如下圖
註：輸入公式=FREQUENCY(B2:B16,D2:D6)
B2:B16是成績範圍
D2:D6是組距範圍
*本格所有照片來自於藍色水瓶子裡的藍色深淵*
